Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth,and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.This is especially true in agriculture,where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
To start with,it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history,and will continue to do so.Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed,clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today.It had minimal effect on biodiversity,and any pollution it caused was typically localized.In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution.Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields.Throughout this period food became cheaper,safer and more reliable.However,these changes have also led to habitat loss.
Whats more,demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050.Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.This will require radical thinking.For example,we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”.The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability,which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation,one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used.There are many different agricultural performances besides food yield: energy use,environmental costs,water purity,carbon footprint and biodiversity.It is clear,for example,that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting.But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.
()15.How do people often measure progress in agriculture?
A.By its productivity.
B.By its sustainability.
C.By its impact on the environment.
D.By its contribution to economic growth.
()16.Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in.
A.localized pollution
B.the shrinking of farmland
C.competition from overseas
D.the decrease of biodiversity
()17.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?
A.They have remained the same over the centuries.
B.They have not kept pace with population growth.
C.They are not necessarily sustainable.
D.They are environmentally friendly.
()18.What will agriculture be like in the 21st century?
A.It will go through radical changes.
B.It will supply more animal products.
C.It will abandon traditional farming practices.
D.It will cause zero damage to the environment.
()19.What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?
A.To remind people of the need of sustainable development.
B.To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production.
C.To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress.
D.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.
Ⅳ.Writing 12%
Directions: For this part,you are required to write a composition on the topic: Campus Life.You should write at least 120 words.
教育学、教育心理学部分
五、简答题(本大题共5分)
简述智力与创造性的关系。
六、简答题(本大题共5分)
简述中学生道德发展具有自律性的主要表现。
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.A 【解析】现在完成时表明过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或后果。前一句话就表明了没有寄明信片的后果。
2.B 【解析】该句的主语为nobody，故动词用B。
3.C 【解析】情态动词中的must, can, could, may都表推测。其中must的可能性最大，can 次之，may 最小。由该句话的语境可以推断出，一定是我妈妈回来了。
4.D 【解析】该句主语为all，故选D。
5.B 【解析】the singer and the dancer为两个人，故用have。
6.D 【解析】it做形式宾语，真正的宾语为to master a foreign language without much memory work。
7.A 【解析】第一个to属于be up to这个短语，意为“胜任”;第二个to为不定式表目的。
8.B 【解析】not that…but that 同 not because…but because, 表示两个原因和理由，一正一反，前后对比。
9.A 【解析】take into account意为“重视，考虑”;account for意为“说明……原因”;make up for意为“补偿，弥补”;make out意为“填写，辨认”。
10.A 【解析】preference意为“偏爱”;expectation意为“期望”;fantasy意为“想象，幻想”;fashion意为“方式，样式”。
11.B 【解析】evident意为“明显的”;authentic意为“真实的”;ultimate意为“最终的”;immediate意为“立即的”。本句的意思是“记者发来的是一份可靠的新闻报道，我们可以依赖它。”
12.B 【解析】inaugurate意为“举行就职(开幕)典礼”;designate意为“指定，指派”;entitle意为“授权，取名”;delegate意为“委托……作代表”。本句的意思是“公园里的这块地方是专门为孩子们设计的，不过陪同孩子的成年人也受欢迎。”
13.B 【解析】gracious意为“亲切的，和蔼的”;decent意为“令人满意的，得体的”;honorable意为“光荣的”;positive意为“肯定的，积极的”。本句的意思是“在一些偏远的地方还有很多穷人过不上令人满意的日子。”
14.D 【解析】scandal意为“丑闻”;misfortune意为“不幸”;deficit意为“赤字”;handicap意为“障碍”。本句的意思是“世界上有数百万人患有某种类型的肢体、精神或者情绪上的障碍，这严重限制了他们自己应付日常生活的能力。”
15.A 【解析】in relation to意为“和……有关”;in proportion to意为“与……成比例”;by means of意为“通过……方法”;on behalf of意为“代表”。本句的意思是“时尚通常被认为和服装有关，然而认识到时尚包含诸多因素是很重要的。”
Ⅱ.Close
1-5 BACCD6-10 DABCD11-15 DCBDB16-20 ADCDA
Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension
1-5 BBCAD6-9 ABDA10-14 BCBCC15-19BDCAD
Ⅳ.Writing
【参考答案】略。
教育学、教育心理学部分
五、简答题
【参考答案】智力与创造性并非简单的线性关系，二者既有独立性，又在某种条件下具有相关性。 低智商不可能具有创造性;高智商可能有高创造性，也可能有低创造性;低创造性的智商水平可能高，也可能低;高创造性者必须有高于一般水平的智商。
六、简答题
【参考答案】中学生道德发展的自律性表现在以下几方面：
(1)形成道德信念;
(2)自我意识增强;
(3)品德结构更为完善。